I would add: Control the biological factors to reduce their contribution to scale formation and the resulting heat transfer inhibition. In a pilot we did in a petrochemical plant in China, we reduced water use by 35% with significant reduction in energy use as well.

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I would add: Control the biological factors to reduce their contribution to scale formation and the resulting heat transfer inhibition. In a pilot we did in a petrochemical plant in China, we reduced water use by 35% with significant reduction in energy use as well.